One study analyzed ChatGPT’s responses to 517 questions about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision. ChatGPT has been used to generate introductory sections and abstracts for scientific articles. Andrew Ng argued that „it’s a mistake to fall for the doomsday hype on AI—and that regulators who do will only benefit vested interests.” Yann LeCun dismissed doomsday warnings of AI-powered misinformation and existential threats to the human race. Juergen Schmidhuber said that in 95% of cases, AI research is about making „human lives longer and healthier and easier.” He added that while AI can be used by bad actors, it „can also be used against the bad actors”. A May 2023 statement by hundreds of AI scientists, AI industry leaders, and other public figures demanded that „mitigating the risk of extinction from AI should be a global priority”.
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Kevin Roose of The New York Times called it „the best artificial intelligence chatbot ever released to the general public”. In September 2025, following the suicide of a 16-year-old, OpenAI said it planned to add restrictions for users under 18, including the blocking of graphic sexual content and the prevention of flirtatious talk. In August 2024, OpenAI announced it had created a text watermarking method but did not release it for public use, saying that users would go to a competitor without watermarking if it publicly released its watermarking tool. ChatGPT is a generative artificial intelligence chatbot developed by OpenAI and released in November 2022. The ChatGPT-generated avatar told the people, „Dear friends, it is an honor for me to stand here and preach to you as the first artificial intelligence at this year’s convention of Protestants in Germany”.
A 2023 study reported that GPT-4 obtained a better score than 99% of humans on the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking. The company announced a slew of generative AI-powered features to counter OpenAI and Microsoft. Google’s Bard (now Gemini) launched on February 6, 2023, one day before Microsoft’s announcement of Bing Chat (now Microsoft Copilot).
- In December 2023, the Albanian government decided to use ChatGPT for the rapid translation of European Union documents and the analysis of required changes needed for Albania’s accession to the EU.
- The fine-tuning process involved supervised learning and reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF).
- ChatGPT’s Mandarin Chinese abilities were lauded, but the ability of the AI to produce content in Mandarin Chinese in a Taiwanese accent was found to be „less than ideal” due to differences between mainland Mandarin Chinese and Taiwanese Mandarin.
- One study analyzed ChatGPT’s responses to 517 questions about software engineering or computer programming posed on Stack Overflow for correctness, consistency, comprehensiveness, and concision.
- The term „hallucination” as applied to LLMs is distinct from its meaning in psychology, and the phenomenon in chatbots is more similar to confabulation or bullshitting.
Features
ChatGPT shows inconsistent responses, lack of specificity, lack of control over patient data, and a limited ability to take additional context (such as regional variations) into consideration. This has chicken road game money led to concern over the rise of what has come to be called „synthetic media” and „AI slop” which are generated by AI and rapidly spread over social media and the internet. Between March and April 2023, Il Foglio published one ChatGPT-generated article a day on its website, hosting a special contest for its readers in the process. The chatbot technology can improve security by cyber defense automation, threat intelligence, attack identification, and reporting.
Mental Health
The term „hallucination” as applied to LLMs is distinct from its meaning in psychology, and the phenomenon in chatbots is more similar to confabulation or bullshitting. These limitations may be revealed when ChatGPT responds to prompts including descriptors of people. ChatGPT’s training data only covers a period up to the cut-off date, so it lacks knowledge of recent events. OpenAI acknowledged that there have been „instances where our 4o model fell short in recognizing signs of delusion or emotional dependency”, and reported that it is working to improve safety. The user can interrupt tasks or provide additional instructions as needed. In July 2025, OpenAI released ChatGPT agent, an AI agent that can perform multi-step tasks.
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OpenAI’s outsourcing partner was Sama, a training-data company based in San Francisco, California. These labels were used to train a model to detect such content in the future. These rankings were used to create „reward models” that were used to fine-tune the model further by using several iterations of proximal policy optimization. The ethics of its development, particularly the use of copyrighted content as training data, have also drawn controversy.
In an industry survey, cybersecurity professionals argued that it was attributable to cybercriminals’ increased use of generative artificial intelligence (including ChatGPT). In January 2023, the International Conference on Machine Learning banned any undocumented use of ChatGPT or other large language models to generate any text in submitted papers. As of July 2025, Science expects authors to release in full how AI-generated content is used and made in their work. As of 2023, there were several pending U.S. lawsuits challenging the use of copyrighted data to train AI models, with defendants arguing that this falls under fair use.
GPT-4.5
Their leaders emphasized their earlier caution regarding public deployment was due to the trust the public places in Google Search. Kelsey Piper of Vox wrote that „ChatGPT is the general public’s first hands-on introduction to how powerful modern AI has gotten” and that ChatGPT is „smart enough to be useful despite its flaws”. Like GPT-5, it comes with a „Thinking” mode for complex problem-solving and an „Instant” mode for fast responses. As before, OpenAI has not disclosed technical details such as the exact number of parameters or the composition of its training dataset.
In October 2025, OpenAI launched ChatGPT Atlas, a browser integrating the ChatGPT assistant directly into web navigation, to compete with existing browsers such as Google Chrome and Apple’s Safari. In March 2025, OpenAI updated ChatGPT to generate images using GPT-4o instead of DALL-E. It allows ChatGPT to search the web in an attempt to make more accurate and up-to-date responses.
In October 2023, OpenAI’s image generation model DALL-E 3 was integrated into ChatGPT Plus and ChatGPT Enterprise. According to the company, the paid version of the website was still experimental, but provided access during peak periods, no downtime, priority access to new features, and faster response speeds. In February 2023, OpenAI launched a premium service, ChatGPT Plus, that costs US$20 per month. ChatGPT was initially free to the public, and OpenAI planned to monetize the service later.
… It’s also a way to understand the „hallucinations”, or nonsensical answers to factual questions, to which large language models such as ChatGPT are all too prone. In one instance, ChatGPT generated a rap in which women and scientists of color were asserted to be inferior to white male scientists. The reward model of ChatGPT, designed around human oversight, can be over-optimized and thus hinder performance, in an example of an optimization pathology known as Goodhart’s law.
ChatGPT can find more up-to-date information by searching the web, but this doesn’t ensure that responses are accurate, as it may access unreliable or misleading websites. A 2025 Sentio University survey of 499 LLM users with self-reported mental health conditions found that 96.2% use ChatGPT, with 48.7% using it specifically for mental health support or therapy-related purposes. At launch, the feature was limited to purchases on Etsy from US users with a payment method linked to their OpenAI account. It was capable of autonomously performing tasks through web browser interactions, including filling forms, placing online orders, scheduling appointments, and other browser-based tasks. At launch, OpenAI included more than 3 million GPTs created by GPT Builder users in the GPT Store. The integration used ChatGPT to write prompts for DALL-E guided by conversations with users.
- OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to further train and fine-tune its services.
- In September 2024, OpenAI introduced o1-preview and a faster, cheaper model named o1-mini.
- OpenAI acknowledged that there have been „instances where our 4o model fell short in recognizing signs of delusion or emotional dependency”, and reported that it is working to improve safety.
According to OpenAI, it features reduced hallucinations and enhanced pattern recognition, creativity, and user interaction. Released in February 2025, GPT-4.5 was described by Altman as a „giant, expensive model”. In September 2024, OpenAI introduced o1-preview and a faster, cheaper model named o1-mini. In November 2023, OpenAI launched GPT-4 Turbo with a 128,000 token context window. A study presented example attacks on ChatGPT, including jailbreaks and reverse psychology. ChatGPT is programmed to reject prompts that may violate its content policy.
In March 2023, ChatGPT Plus users got access to third-party plugins and a browsing mode (with Internet access). Premium users were originally limited in the number of messages they could send to the new model, but OpenAI increased and eventually removed these limits. GPT-4, which was released on March 14, 2023, was made available via API and for premium ChatGPT users. The model can also generate new images based on existing ones provided in the prompt, which can, for example, be used to transform images with specific styles or inpaint areas. In December 2024, OpenAI launched a new feature allowing users to call ChatGPT with a telephone for up to 15 minutes per month for free. OpenAI collects data from ChatGPT users to further train and fine-tune its services.
Geoffrey Hinton, one of the „fathers of AI”, voiced concerns that future AI systems may surpass human intelligence. Over 20,000 signatories including Yoshua Bengio, Elon Musk, and Apple co-founder Steve Wozniak, signed a March 2023 open letter calling for an immediate pause of giant AI experiments like ChatGPT, citing „profound risks to society and humanity”. OpenAI said it has taken steps to effectively clarify and address the issues raised; an age verification tool was implemented to ensure users are at least 13 years old. Italian regulators assert that ChatGPT was exposing minors to age-inappropriate content, and that OpenAI’s use of ChatGPT conversations as training data could violate Europe’s General Data Protection Regulation. ChatGPT also provided an outline of how human reviewers are trained to reduce inappropriate content and to attempt to provide political information without affiliating with any political position. ChatGPT gained one million users in five days and 100 million in two months, becoming the fastest-growing internet application in history.
Despite its acclaim, the chatbot has been criticized for its limitations and potential for unethical use. At the same time, its release prompted extensive media coverage and public debate about the nature of creativity and the future of knowledge work. How can I access adult sites?
In July 2024, Futurism reported that GPT-4o in ChatGPT would sometimes link „scam news sites that deluge the user with fake software updates and virus warnings”; these pop-ups can be used to coerce users into downloading malware or potentially unwanted programs. Chris Granatino, a librarian at Seattle University, noted that while ChatGPT can generate content that seemingly includes legitimate citations, in most cases those citations are not real or largely incorrect. Robin Bauwens, an assistant professor at Tilburg University, found that a ChatGPT-generated peer review report on his article mentioned nonexistent studies. In January 2023, Science „completely banned” LLM-generated text in all its journals; however, this policy was just to give the community time to decide what acceptable use looks like. Some, including Nature and JAMA Network, „require that authors disclose the use of text-generating tools and ban listing a large language model (LLM) such as ChatGPT as a co-author”. This includes text-to-image models such as Stable Diffusion and large language models such as ChatGPT.